COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinate conjunctions join similar words,phrases or clausesto each other (i.e., to join an adjectiveto an adjective or anounto a noun).  The most common co-ordinate conjunctions are: and, but, or, for, nor, so and yet.

The conjunctios and,butandorare the most common by far. 

Examples:

The waiters served sandwichesandcakes.(joins two nouns)
He is a smallbutaggressive dog.(joins two adjectives)
The managerorhis secretary will be with you in a moment.(joins two nouns)
He typed the letter quickly but accurately.(joins two adverbs)

In the examples above, the conjunctions all join words.  As a general rule, when a conjunction joins two words, there is no need to precede it withacomma.  However, when it joins two clauses, it is usual to place a comma before the conjunction.

Examples:

The applicant must be able to singanddance.(no comma)
The applicant must be able to sing, andshe must be able to dance.(joins two clauses – comma required)
 
Interactive example:
  

Pat and I slept, but Julie stayed awake the whole way. The short, simple conjunctions are called “coordinating conjunctions”: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar.  A coordinating conjunction shows that the elements it joins are similar in importance and structure: + Look at these examples – the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown in square brackets [ ]: I like [tea] and [coffee]. [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee]. Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a comma before the conjunction: I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university. However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential: She is kind so she helps people. When “and” is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional: He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum. He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

I.PASSIVE MEANING

a. HAVE SOMETHING DONE AND GET SOMETHING DONE

The Past Participle is used after HAVE and GET to give a passive meaning . In this case , there is little or no difference in meaning between HAVE and GET .

Example sentences :

I had the barber cut my hair . ( active )
I had my hair cut ( by the barber ) ( passive )

She will get a repairman to repair her watch . ( active )
She will get her watch repaired ( by a repairman ) ( passive )

Must we get a translator to translate the documents from Russian into Turkish ? ( active )
Must we get the documents translated from Russian into Turkish ( by a translator ) ? ( passive )

He does not have the porter take up his luggage . ( active )
He does not have his luggage taken up ( by the porter ) ? ( passive )

NOTE : In some cases ( when things happen to us ) , "have something done" suggests the person was quite innocent , and "get something done" suggests that the person was partly responsible for what happened to him .

I had my watch stolen last week .
He got his nose broken in a fight last week .

b. BE MADE TO DO SOMETHING

The passive form of MAKE is different from the others . As in the active form , "Make" gives the idea something is forced to do.

Example sentences :

My father made me cut my hair . ( active )
I was made to cut my hair ( by my father ) . ( active )

The nurse has made my grandmother stay in bed for ten days . ( active )
My grandmother has been made to stay in bed for ten days ( by the nurse ) ( passive )

A GENERAL NOTE FOR ALL THE CAUSATIVES : Questions in the causative form are formed with the helping verbs ( do-does-did … ) Have should not be confused with them .

Had Mary any letters typed yesterday ? ( incorrect )
Did Mary have any letters typed yesterday ? ( correct )

Causative verbs show that somebody/something is indirectly responsible for an action. The subject doesn't perform the action itself, but causes someone/something else to do it instead. For example:
- Yesterday I had my hair cut.
I didn't cut my own hair, but I made someone else do it for me instead - I "caused" them to cut my hair.

Have

Have is a common causative verb. Instead of doing something ourselves, we "have" someone else do it instead. It has the following form:
The verb "to have" + object + past participle. For example:
- I had my jacket cleaned yesterday.
- Did you have your computer fixed?

Sometimes we use have as a causative verb when we intend to perform the action ourselves. For example:
- When will the report be ready? I'll do it by tomorrow morning. >>
- When will the report be ready? I'll have it done by tomorrow morning.

By using the causative the second sentence takes attention away from the doer of the action, and gives more attention to the action being done. It sounds polite and professional.

Get

Get is often used instead of have. For example:
- I got my computer fixed - I had my computer fixed. These two sentences mean the same thing.
- I got my jacket cleane. - I had my jacket cleaned. These two sentences mean the same thing.

Causative verbs are often used with negative experiences. In these situations it's more common to use have. For example:
- I had my wallet stolen. (I didn't actually cause my wallet to be stolen - someone stole my wallet from me)
- She had her window smashed.

II. SERVICE FOR A BUSY WORLD

As we all live in a busy world, we don't have the time (or skills)to do all the things that we need to. That's why we have a service industry that will help us get what need done.

Take a look at these examples:

A jeweller's is a place where you can have your watch fixed.
A dry cleaner's is a place where you can have your suit cleaned.
A florist's is a place where you can have flowers delivered.
A hairdresser's is a place where you can have your hair cut.
A dentist's is a place where you can have your teeth checked.
An optician's is a place where you can have your eyes checked.
A garage is a place where you can have your car repaired.

III.using have something done for bad things

In all the examples above we have looked at services we can pay for if we want. We can also use the same expression when someone does something bad to us. For example:

'Jenny had her car stolen.' Here Jenny did not want someone to steal her car, but someone did it.
'Have you ever had your nose broken in a fight?' Nobody wants to have their nose broken, but it could happen!

direct and indirect speech

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

Simple present - Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :

Direct Speech Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Simple past Past continuous Future Present

Indirect Speech Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past Past

Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here = di sini, ke sini hence = dari sini hither = ke tempat ini ago = yang lalu now = sekarang today = hari ini tomorrow = besok yesterday = kemarin last night = tadi malam next week = minggu depan thus = begini contoh : He said, “I will come here”.

Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there = di sana, ke sana thence = dari sana thither = ke tempat itu before = lebih dahulu then = pada waktu itu that day = hari itu next day = hari berikutnya the previous day = sehari sebelumnya the previous night = semalam sebelumnya the following week = minggu berikutnya so = begitu He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb - Reported speech

Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.

Direct He said to me, “Where are you going?” He said to me, “What are you doing?”

Indirect He asked me where I was going He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :

Direct He said to me, “Are you going away today?” He asked me , “can you come along?”

Indirect He asked me whether I was going away that day. He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.

· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.

· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).

· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)

Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say

atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,

pray dsb.

a) Exclamatory sentences

Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.

b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)

Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “

Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son

Environmental Maintenance Tips:
1. Bring your own bags for shopping.
2. Biking or walking to travel close.
3. Close electrical appliances when not in use.
4. Resume practicing the 3Rs (reduce, recycle and re menggguna). We can save you a lot of natural resources destroyed.
5. Praktiskan and support organic plantation.
6. Use energy efficiently and fuel, do not bazirkan source.
7. Execute projects or environmental themed activities at home, at work and home areas.
8. Cool your home wisely by planting trees around the house.
9. Buy local goods. In addition we can save money, it also supports the local economy and reduce carbon emissions caused penggangkutan goods over long distances.
10. Reduce or eliminate the use of disposable items. He only produces solid waste.
11. Use water wisely because it is also a source of reduced.
12. Purchase eco-friendly goods in iktiraf. These products can reduce the environmental impact.